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| News: Iodine Investigation Project Click Here |
Iodine: Exploring The Perfect Storm Theory of Breast Cancer
by Lynne Farrow
The Perfect Storm Theory of Breast Cancer explores three confluent
events which may partially account for the rising rates of breast cancer
over the past 30 years.
Description of Presentation:
Breast Cancer rates rose from one in 23 to one in seven over the last 30 years.
During this time, the nutrient, iodine, was removed from the food supply and the
the "anti-iodine," toxin, bromide, was introduced widely into many consumer
products. Stealth (unlabeled) bromide exposure from fire-retardants surrounds us
in our daily life to a degree unacceptable in some other countries. The presentation will
first explore how bromide dominance may function as the biochemical equivalent of
global warming as iodine-deficient women reach the age for breast and other hormone-
sensitive cancers.
Next, we will explore how some forms of benign breast disease can represent a
precancerous condition by examining research on iodine and the breast from 1838 to the
present. Finally, we will show how at-risk breast patients have used iodine to improve or
reverse fibrocystic breast disease.
References for Conference Media Presentations in 2008
Abernathy et al., Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in maternal and fetal blood samples,
Environmental Health Perspectives, July 1, 2003.
Abraham G., The Combined Measurement of the Four Stable Halides by the Ion-Selective
Electrode Procedure Following Their Chromatographic Separation on a Strong Anion
Exchange
Abraham GE., et al., Evidence that the Administration of Vitamin C Improves a Defective
Cellular Transport Mechanism for Iodine: A Case Report, The Original Internist 2005.
Abraham GE., The Safe and Effective Implementation of Orthoiodosupplementation in
Medical Practice, The Orginal Internist 2004.
Aceves C., et al., Is Iodine a Gatekeeper of the Integrity of the Mammary Gland?, Journal of
Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia, 2005
Barkley, RA and Thompson, TG, The Total Iodine and Iodine-iodate Content of Sea Water,
Deep Sea Research Vol 7, Pergamon Press, London, 1960.
Bel S et al., Vegetant Bromoderma in an Infant, Pediatric Dermatology 2001.
Bezpalov VG et al., Investigation of the Drug "Mamoclam" for the Treatment of Patients with
Fibroadenomatosis of the Breast, Vopr Onkol, 2005.
Brownstein D., Iodine. Why You Need It. Why You Can't Live Without It, 3rd Edition, Medical
Alternative Press 2006.
Cann SA., et al., Hypothesis: Iodine, Selenium, and the Development of Breast Cancer,
Cancer Causes control, 2000.
Chilean Iodine Educational Bureau, Geochemistry of Iodine: Annotated Bibliography 1825-
1954, London, 1956.
Chilean Iodine Educational Bureau, Geochemistry of Iodine: Iodine in Rocks, Minerals and
Soils, Annotated Bibliography 1825-1954, London, 1956.
Chilean Nitrate Producers Association, Iodine Department, Iodine for Farm Animals,
(pamphlet) October 30th, 1930, London.
Cogswell, Charles, A.B.M.D.,An Experimental Essay on the relative Physiological and
Medicinal Properties of Iodine and its Compounds, Harveian Prize Dissertation for 1837,
Medical Review, Quartely Journal,Practical Medicine and Surgery, Vol 5, Jan-April 1838,
London.
Cohen A et al., Cherry Angiomas Associated with Exposure to Bromides, Dermatology 2001.
Dasgupta,P.K., et al., Iodine Nutrition: Iodine Content of Iodized Salt in the United States, Vol
42, No 4, 2008, Environmental Science & Technology.
DeLong, Robert, Robbins, Jacob, Condliffe, Peter G., Iodine and the Brain, Plenum Press,
NY, 1989.
Dias, Paulo, Fernando, Antangiogenic and Antitumeral Properties of a Polysaccharide
Iosolated From the Seaweed Sargassum steno phylum, Cancer, Chemotherapy and
Pharmacology, Vol 56, Number 4, October 2005.
Dobson, Jerome, The Iodine Factor in Health and Evolution,Geographical Review, Vol 88,
1998.
Eskin BA. et al., Identification of Breast Cancer by Differences in Urinary Iodine, Abstract
Number 2150, Presentation AACR Conference 2005.
Eskin BA. et al., Microarray Characterization of Iodine Metabolic Pathways in Breast Cancer, p.
379 2006.
Eskin BA., Iodine and Mammary Cancer, Tans NY, Academy of Sciences 1970.
Eskin BA.,et al., Different Tissue Responses for Iodine and Iodide in Rat Thyroid and
Mammary Glands, Biol Trace Elem Res 1995.
Eskin, B, et al, Human Breast Uptake of Radioactive Uptake, Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Harper and Row, 1974.
Fernandez, Renate Lellep, A Simple Matter of Salt: An Ethnography of Nutritional Deficiency in
Spain, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
Flechas, Jorge, Orthoiodinesupplementation in a Primary Care Practice, http://www.optimox.
com/pics/Iodine/IOD-10/IOD_10.htm
Funahashi H. et al., Seaweed Preventing Breast Cancer?, Jpn J Cancer Res 2001.
Funahashi H. et al., Suppressive Effect of Iodine on DMBA-Induced Breast Tumor Growth in
the Rat, J Surg Oncol 1996.
Funahashi H. et al., Wakame Seaweed Suppresses the Proliferation of 7,12-Dimethybenz(a)-
Anthracene-Induced Mammary Tumors in Rats, Jpn J Cancer Res 1999.
Gardner, Robert W, and Gardner, Edward W., The Applications of Iodine, 1907.
Geter D et al., Kidney Toxicogenomics of Chronic Potassium Bromate Exposure in F334 Male
Rats, EIMS Meta Data Report 2006.
Ghent WR et al., Iodine Replacement in Fibrocystic Disease of the Breast, Can J Surg 1993.
Kessler J, The Effect of Supraphysiologic Levels of Iodine in Patients with Cyclic Mastalgia,
The Breast Journal 2004.
Gould, Sally, Notes on VRP Webinar by Jorge Flechas, August 1, 2008
Greenpeace and the Iphone: www.greenpeace.org/international/news/iPhone-test-
hazardous-toxic-chemicals151007.
Hartmann LC et al., Benign Breast Disease and the Risk of Breast Cancer, N Engl J Med
2005.
Shah NM et al., Iodoprotein Formation by Rat Mammary Glands During Pregnancy and Early
Postpartum Period, Proc Soc Exp 1986
Hertz-Picciotto, Irva et al., A Cohort Study of PCB exposures in Relation to Secondary Sex
Ratio, Environmental Health, 15 July 2008.
Horowitz BZ et al., Bromism from Excessive Cola Consumption, Clinical Toxicology 1997.
http://www.coconutstudio.com/Iodine.htm#Iodine%20&%20the%20Neanderthals
http://www.tki.org.nz/r/technology/curriculum/rsnz/01ckseaweed_e.php
Hubner K et al., Skin Bromide Content and Bromide Excretion in Bromoderma Tuberosum,
Arch Derm Res 1976.
Ion Concentration in the Inner Ear Fluid of the Guinea Pig, Physiol Bohemoslov 1988.
Jarvis, Norman D., Iodine Content of Pacific Coast Seafoods, University of Washington
College of Fisheries, University of Washington Press, Vol 1, No. 12, November 1928.
Jarvis, Norman D.,Iodine Content of Pacific Coast Sea Foods, University of Washington, 1928.
Kapdi, Chandrakant C, Wolfe, John N, Breast Cancer: Relationship to Thyroid Supplements
for Hypothyroidism, JAMA, Sept 6, 1976-Vol 236, No. 10.
Kelly FC. Iodine in medicine and pharmacy since its discovery--1811-1961. Proc R Soc Med
54, 831-836. 1961.
Kilbane et al., Tissue iodine content and serum-mediated 125I uptake-blocking activity in
breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2000
Krouse TB et al., Age-Related Changes Resembling Fibrocystic Disease in Iodine-Blocked
Rat Breasts, Arch Pathol Lab Med, 1979
Kurihara M., "Cancer Statistics in the World," Nagoya Univ. Press, Nagoya, pp. 80-81 1984
Loeser. A.A., A New Therapy for Prevention of Post-Operative Recurrences in Genital and
Breast Cancer: Six Years of Prophylactic Thyroid Treatment, British Medical Journal, Dec. 11,
1954
Loeser, A.A., Hormones and Breast Cancer, The Lancet, 1956, ii 961.
Levin M., Transitory Schizophrenia Produced by Bromide Intoxication, Am J Psychiatry 1946.
Lichtensteiger, W et al., Developmental Exposure to PBDE 99 and PCB affects estrogen
sensitivity of target genes in rat brain regions and female sexual behavior, Organohalogen
Compounds - Volume 66 2004.
Lunder, Sonya and Sharp, Renee, Tainted Catch, The Environmental Working Group, 2003.
Madsen, Travis, Lee, Susan and Olle, Teri, Growing Threats: Toxic Flame Retardants and
Children's Health, Editorial, San Francisco Chronicle, June 11, 2003.
Malenchenko AF et al., The Content and Distribution of Iodine, Chlorine and Bromide in the
Normal and Pathologically Changed Thyroid Tissue, Med Radiol 1984.
Masten, Scott, Gum Guggal and Some of its Steroidal Constituents, National Toxicology
Program, NIESH, NIH, 2005.
McGrady, The Savage Cell The Fight Against Cancer: A Behind-the-Scenes Report, Basic
Books, 1964.
Meerts, I.A.T.M. et al., In Vito Estrogenicity of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydroxylated
PBDEs, and Polybrominated Bisphenol A Compounds, Environmental Health Perpecyives,
Vol 109, Number 4, April 2001.
Merck’s Maual of the Materia Medica 1899, Together with a Summary of Therapeutic
Indications and a Classification of Medicants, New York, 1899.
Morizono T et al., The Effects of Cetrimide and Potassium Bromate on the Potassium
NHANES. National Health and Nutrition Survey showed iodine levels have declined 50% in
the US. CDC National Center for Health Statistics. CDC. 2000.
Normal and Pathologically Changed Thyroid Tissue, Med Radiol 1984.
Pandav, C and Rao, R, Iodine Deficiency Disorders in Livestock: Ecology and Economics,
Oxford University Press, 1997.
Parke, Davis & Company, Manual of Therapeutics, Detroit, 1900.
Pandav, C.S., Iodine Deficiency Disorders in Livestock: Ecology and economics, Oxford
University Press, 1997.
Pavelka S et al., Bromide Kinetics and Distribution in the Rat. II Distribution of Bromide in the
Body, Biol Trace Res 2000.
Pieroni, Andrea, Price, Lisa Leimar, Eating and Healing (editors) , Traditional Food as
Medicine, Food Products Press, The Haworth Press, New York, 2006.
Price, Weston A., Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, The Price-Pottenger Nutrition
Foundation, Inc., 1939.
Porter, P. Brynberg, Transactions of the American Therapeutics Society, F.A. Davis Co., Phila.,
1910.
Smyth, P.P.A., A Direct Relationship Between Thyroid Enlargement and Breast Cancer,
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vol. 81. No. 3., 1996.
Reid, H.A., The Use of Iodine and Its Compounds in Veterinary Practice, De Grucy and Co.,
LTD., London, circa 1936.
Reid, HA, The Uses of Iodine and its Compounds in Veterinary Medicine, London, circa 1930.
Schwimmer, Morton, Schwimmer David, The Role of Algae and Plankton in Medicine, Grune
and Stratton, Inc., New York, 1955.
SEER thyroid cancer statistics and graphs courtesy of the NIH.
She, J et al., Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
in breast milk from the Pacific Northwest, Chemosphere 67 (2007).
She, J, et al., PBDEs in the San Francisco Bay Area: measurements in harbor seal blubber
and human breast adipose tissue, Chemosphere. 2002 Feb;46(5):697-707
Shishodia, S, Guggulsterone inhibits tumor cell proliferation, Biochemical Pharmacology
Volume 74, Issue 1, 30 June 2007.
Smyth PP., Role of Iodine in Antioxidant Defence in Thyroid and Breast Disease, Biofactors
2003. Coochi M. et al., A New Hypothesis of Bio-Chemical Cooperation?, Prog Nutr 2000.
Stanbury John B., (ed) The Damaged Brain of Iodine Deficiency: Cognitive,Behavioral,
Neuromotor, Educative Aspects, Cognizant Communication Corporation, 1993.
Stiffler, Lisa, PBDes: They are everywhere, they accumulate and they spread, Seattle Post-
Intelligencer, March 28, 2007
Stoddard et al., Iodine Alters Gene Expression in the MCF7 Breast Cancer Cell Line:
Evidence for an Anti-Estrogen Effect of Iodine, International Journal of Medical Sciences,2008.
Teas J. et al., Dietary Seaweed and Mammary Carcinogens in Rats, Cancer Res 1984.
Teas, J. et al., Variability of Iodine Content in Common Commercially Available Edible
Seaweeds, Thyroid, Volume 14, Number 10, 2004.
Teas, J. et al., Seaweed and Soy: Companion Foods in Asian Cuisine and Their Effects on
Thyroid Function in American Women, Journal of Medicinal Food, 2007 90-100.
Thrall KD., Differences in the Distribution of Iodine and Iodide in the Sprague-Dawley Rats, J
Toxicol Environ Health 1992.
Vega-Riveroll L et al., Apoptotic and Antiproliferative Effects of Iodine Supplements on Human
Breast Cancer Tumors, Poster, Thyroid Conference, New York, October 2007
Velicky J et al., Long Term Action of Potassium Bromide on the Rat Thyroid Gland, Acta
Histochem 1998.
Velicky J et al., Potassium Bromide and the Thyroid Gland of the Rat: Morphology and
Immunochemistry 1997.
Velicky J et al., Potassium Bromide and the Thyroid Gland of the Rat: Morphology and
Immunochemistry, RIA and INAA Analysis, Ann Anat 1997.
Waring, Edward John, MD, Practical Therapeutics: Considered Chiefly with Reference to the
Materia Medica,Lindsay and Blakeston, Phila., 1874.
Velicky J et al., The Effect of Bromide on the Ultrastructure of Rat Thyrocytes, Ann Anat 2004.
Venturi S., Is There a Role for Iodine in Breast Disease?, The Breast 2001.
Vobecky M et al., Interaction of Bromine with Iodine in the Rat Thyroid Gland at Enhanced
Bromide Intake, Biol Trace Elem Res 1996.
Vobecky M et al., Interaction of Bromine with Iodine in the Rat Thyroid Gland at Enhanced
Bromide Intake, Biol Trace Elem Res 1996.
Vobecky M et al., Interaction of Bromine with Iodine in the Rat Thyroid Gland at Enhanced
Bromide Intake, Biol Trace Elem Res 1996.
www.alibaba.com/catalog/11292709/sodium_bromate_99_5.html. Accessed August, 13,
2008.
www.gulflink.osd.mil/library/randrep/pb_paper/mr1018.2chap10.html.
www.healthycar.org/chemicals.bromine.php Accessed August 13, 2008
www.healthy-communications.com/hazards_of_cosmetics_by_carol_barzac95.html .
Accessed August 13, 2008.
www.healthytoys.org/chemicals.other.php Accessed August 13, 2008.
http://www.seaweed.ie/ created by phycologist, Michael Guiry, PhD, accessed June 12, 2008.
Acknowledgements: The research above would not have been possible without the
pioneering work of Guy Abraham, MD, David Brownstein, MD, and Jorge Flechas, MD.
I am indebted to Sally Gould for her tireless research and skillful fact-checking. The ongoing
exploration of iodine would not be possible without the conscientious efforts of the Grass
Roots Iodine Movement pioneers at iodine4health.com, the Yahoo Iodine Group and
Curezone Iodine Forum.
Web page updated September 4, 2008
by Lynne Farrow
The Perfect Storm Theory of Breast Cancer explores three confluent
events which may partially account for the rising rates of breast cancer
over the past 30 years.
- The removal of iodine from the food supply.
- The increasing bombardment of the "anti-iodine toxin," bromide.
- Baby boomers reaching the peak age for hormone-sensitive cancers.
Description of Presentation:
Breast Cancer rates rose from one in 23 to one in seven over the last 30 years.
During this time, the nutrient, iodine, was removed from the food supply and the
the "anti-iodine," toxin, bromide, was introduced widely into many consumer
products. Stealth (unlabeled) bromide exposure from fire-retardants surrounds us
in our daily life to a degree unacceptable in some other countries. The presentation will
first explore how bromide dominance may function as the biochemical equivalent of
global warming as iodine-deficient women reach the age for breast and other hormone-
sensitive cancers.
Next, we will explore how some forms of benign breast disease can represent a
precancerous condition by examining research on iodine and the breast from 1838 to the
present. Finally, we will show how at-risk breast patients have used iodine to improve or
reverse fibrocystic breast disease.
References for Conference Media Presentations in 2008
Abernathy et al., Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in maternal and fetal blood samples,
Environmental Health Perspectives, July 1, 2003.
Abraham G., The Combined Measurement of the Four Stable Halides by the Ion-Selective
Electrode Procedure Following Their Chromatographic Separation on a Strong Anion
Exchange
Abraham GE., et al., Evidence that the Administration of Vitamin C Improves a Defective
Cellular Transport Mechanism for Iodine: A Case Report, The Original Internist 2005.
Abraham GE., The Safe and Effective Implementation of Orthoiodosupplementation in
Medical Practice, The Orginal Internist 2004.
Aceves C., et al., Is Iodine a Gatekeeper of the Integrity of the Mammary Gland?, Journal of
Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia, 2005
Barkley, RA and Thompson, TG, The Total Iodine and Iodine-iodate Content of Sea Water,
Deep Sea Research Vol 7, Pergamon Press, London, 1960.
Bel S et al., Vegetant Bromoderma in an Infant, Pediatric Dermatology 2001.
Bezpalov VG et al., Investigation of the Drug "Mamoclam" for the Treatment of Patients with
Fibroadenomatosis of the Breast, Vopr Onkol, 2005.
Brownstein D., Iodine. Why You Need It. Why You Can't Live Without It, 3rd Edition, Medical
Alternative Press 2006.
Cann SA., et al., Hypothesis: Iodine, Selenium, and the Development of Breast Cancer,
Cancer Causes control, 2000.
Chilean Iodine Educational Bureau, Geochemistry of Iodine: Annotated Bibliography 1825-
1954, London, 1956.
Chilean Iodine Educational Bureau, Geochemistry of Iodine: Iodine in Rocks, Minerals and
Soils, Annotated Bibliography 1825-1954, London, 1956.
Chilean Nitrate Producers Association, Iodine Department, Iodine for Farm Animals,
(pamphlet) October 30th, 1930, London.
Cogswell, Charles, A.B.M.D.,An Experimental Essay on the relative Physiological and
Medicinal Properties of Iodine and its Compounds, Harveian Prize Dissertation for 1837,
Medical Review, Quartely Journal,Practical Medicine and Surgery, Vol 5, Jan-April 1838,
London.
Cohen A et al., Cherry Angiomas Associated with Exposure to Bromides, Dermatology 2001.
Dasgupta,P.K., et al., Iodine Nutrition: Iodine Content of Iodized Salt in the United States, Vol
42, No 4, 2008, Environmental Science & Technology.
DeLong, Robert, Robbins, Jacob, Condliffe, Peter G., Iodine and the Brain, Plenum Press,
NY, 1989.
Dias, Paulo, Fernando, Antangiogenic and Antitumeral Properties of a Polysaccharide
Iosolated From the Seaweed Sargassum steno phylum, Cancer, Chemotherapy and
Pharmacology, Vol 56, Number 4, October 2005.
Dobson, Jerome, The Iodine Factor in Health and Evolution,Geographical Review, Vol 88,
1998.
Eskin BA. et al., Identification of Breast Cancer by Differences in Urinary Iodine, Abstract
Number 2150, Presentation AACR Conference 2005.
Eskin BA. et al., Microarray Characterization of Iodine Metabolic Pathways in Breast Cancer, p.
379 2006.
Eskin BA., Iodine and Mammary Cancer, Tans NY, Academy of Sciences 1970.
Eskin BA.,et al., Different Tissue Responses for Iodine and Iodide in Rat Thyroid and
Mammary Glands, Biol Trace Elem Res 1995.
Eskin, B, et al, Human Breast Uptake of Radioactive Uptake, Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Harper and Row, 1974.
Fernandez, Renate Lellep, A Simple Matter of Salt: An Ethnography of Nutritional Deficiency in
Spain, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
Flechas, Jorge, Orthoiodinesupplementation in a Primary Care Practice, http://www.optimox.
com/pics/Iodine/IOD-10/IOD_10.htm
Funahashi H. et al., Seaweed Preventing Breast Cancer?, Jpn J Cancer Res 2001.
Funahashi H. et al., Suppressive Effect of Iodine on DMBA-Induced Breast Tumor Growth in
the Rat, J Surg Oncol 1996.
Funahashi H. et al., Wakame Seaweed Suppresses the Proliferation of 7,12-Dimethybenz(a)-
Anthracene-Induced Mammary Tumors in Rats, Jpn J Cancer Res 1999.
Gardner, Robert W, and Gardner, Edward W., The Applications of Iodine, 1907.
Geter D et al., Kidney Toxicogenomics of Chronic Potassium Bromate Exposure in F334 Male
Rats, EIMS Meta Data Report 2006.
Ghent WR et al., Iodine Replacement in Fibrocystic Disease of the Breast, Can J Surg 1993.
Kessler J, The Effect of Supraphysiologic Levels of Iodine in Patients with Cyclic Mastalgia,
The Breast Journal 2004.
Gould, Sally, Notes on VRP Webinar by Jorge Flechas, August 1, 2008
Greenpeace and the Iphone: www.greenpeace.org/international/news/iPhone-test-
hazardous-toxic-chemicals151007.
Hartmann LC et al., Benign Breast Disease and the Risk of Breast Cancer, N Engl J Med
2005.
Shah NM et al., Iodoprotein Formation by Rat Mammary Glands During Pregnancy and Early
Postpartum Period, Proc Soc Exp 1986
Hertz-Picciotto, Irva et al., A Cohort Study of PCB exposures in Relation to Secondary Sex
Ratio, Environmental Health, 15 July 2008.
Horowitz BZ et al., Bromism from Excessive Cola Consumption, Clinical Toxicology 1997.
http://www.coconutstudio.com/Iodine.htm#Iodine%20&%20the%20Neanderthals
http://www.tki.org.nz/r/technology/curriculum/rsnz/01ckseaweed_e.php
Hubner K et al., Skin Bromide Content and Bromide Excretion in Bromoderma Tuberosum,
Arch Derm Res 1976.
Ion Concentration in the Inner Ear Fluid of the Guinea Pig, Physiol Bohemoslov 1988.
Jarvis, Norman D., Iodine Content of Pacific Coast Seafoods, University of Washington
College of Fisheries, University of Washington Press, Vol 1, No. 12, November 1928.
Jarvis, Norman D.,Iodine Content of Pacific Coast Sea Foods, University of Washington, 1928.
Kapdi, Chandrakant C, Wolfe, John N, Breast Cancer: Relationship to Thyroid Supplements
for Hypothyroidism, JAMA, Sept 6, 1976-Vol 236, No. 10.
Kelly FC. Iodine in medicine and pharmacy since its discovery--1811-1961. Proc R Soc Med
54, 831-836. 1961.
Kilbane et al., Tissue iodine content and serum-mediated 125I uptake-blocking activity in
breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2000
Krouse TB et al., Age-Related Changes Resembling Fibrocystic Disease in Iodine-Blocked
Rat Breasts, Arch Pathol Lab Med, 1979
Kurihara M., "Cancer Statistics in the World," Nagoya Univ. Press, Nagoya, pp. 80-81 1984
Loeser. A.A., A New Therapy for Prevention of Post-Operative Recurrences in Genital and
Breast Cancer: Six Years of Prophylactic Thyroid Treatment, British Medical Journal, Dec. 11,
1954
Loeser, A.A., Hormones and Breast Cancer, The Lancet, 1956, ii 961.
Levin M., Transitory Schizophrenia Produced by Bromide Intoxication, Am J Psychiatry 1946.
Lichtensteiger, W et al., Developmental Exposure to PBDE 99 and PCB affects estrogen
sensitivity of target genes in rat brain regions and female sexual behavior, Organohalogen
Compounds - Volume 66 2004.
Lunder, Sonya and Sharp, Renee, Tainted Catch, The Environmental Working Group, 2003.
Madsen, Travis, Lee, Susan and Olle, Teri, Growing Threats: Toxic Flame Retardants and
Children's Health, Editorial, San Francisco Chronicle, June 11, 2003.
Malenchenko AF et al., The Content and Distribution of Iodine, Chlorine and Bromide in the
Normal and Pathologically Changed Thyroid Tissue, Med Radiol 1984.
Masten, Scott, Gum Guggal and Some of its Steroidal Constituents, National Toxicology
Program, NIESH, NIH, 2005.
McGrady, The Savage Cell The Fight Against Cancer: A Behind-the-Scenes Report, Basic
Books, 1964.
Meerts, I.A.T.M. et al., In Vito Estrogenicity of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydroxylated
PBDEs, and Polybrominated Bisphenol A Compounds, Environmental Health Perpecyives,
Vol 109, Number 4, April 2001.
Merck’s Maual of the Materia Medica 1899, Together with a Summary of Therapeutic
Indications and a Classification of Medicants, New York, 1899.
Morizono T et al., The Effects of Cetrimide and Potassium Bromate on the Potassium
NHANES. National Health and Nutrition Survey showed iodine levels have declined 50% in
the US. CDC National Center for Health Statistics. CDC. 2000.
Normal and Pathologically Changed Thyroid Tissue, Med Radiol 1984.
Pandav, C and Rao, R, Iodine Deficiency Disorders in Livestock: Ecology and Economics,
Oxford University Press, 1997.
Parke, Davis & Company, Manual of Therapeutics, Detroit, 1900.
Pandav, C.S., Iodine Deficiency Disorders in Livestock: Ecology and economics, Oxford
University Press, 1997.
Pavelka S et al., Bromide Kinetics and Distribution in the Rat. II Distribution of Bromide in the
Body, Biol Trace Res 2000.
Pieroni, Andrea, Price, Lisa Leimar, Eating and Healing (editors) , Traditional Food as
Medicine, Food Products Press, The Haworth Press, New York, 2006.
Price, Weston A., Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, The Price-Pottenger Nutrition
Foundation, Inc., 1939.
Porter, P. Brynberg, Transactions of the American Therapeutics Society, F.A. Davis Co., Phila.,
1910.
Smyth, P.P.A., A Direct Relationship Between Thyroid Enlargement and Breast Cancer,
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vol. 81. No. 3., 1996.
Reid, H.A., The Use of Iodine and Its Compounds in Veterinary Practice, De Grucy and Co.,
LTD., London, circa 1936.
Reid, HA, The Uses of Iodine and its Compounds in Veterinary Medicine, London, circa 1930.
Schwimmer, Morton, Schwimmer David, The Role of Algae and Plankton in Medicine, Grune
and Stratton, Inc., New York, 1955.
SEER thyroid cancer statistics and graphs courtesy of the NIH.
She, J et al., Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
in breast milk from the Pacific Northwest, Chemosphere 67 (2007).
She, J, et al., PBDEs in the San Francisco Bay Area: measurements in harbor seal blubber
and human breast adipose tissue, Chemosphere. 2002 Feb;46(5):697-707
Shishodia, S, Guggulsterone inhibits tumor cell proliferation, Biochemical Pharmacology
Volume 74, Issue 1, 30 June 2007.
Smyth PP., Role of Iodine in Antioxidant Defence in Thyroid and Breast Disease, Biofactors
2003. Coochi M. et al., A New Hypothesis of Bio-Chemical Cooperation?, Prog Nutr 2000.
Stanbury John B., (ed) The Damaged Brain of Iodine Deficiency: Cognitive,Behavioral,
Neuromotor, Educative Aspects, Cognizant Communication Corporation, 1993.
Stiffler, Lisa, PBDes: They are everywhere, they accumulate and they spread, Seattle Post-
Intelligencer, March 28, 2007
Stoddard et al., Iodine Alters Gene Expression in the MCF7 Breast Cancer Cell Line:
Evidence for an Anti-Estrogen Effect of Iodine, International Journal of Medical Sciences,2008.
Teas J. et al., Dietary Seaweed and Mammary Carcinogens in Rats, Cancer Res 1984.
Teas, J. et al., Variability of Iodine Content in Common Commercially Available Edible
Seaweeds, Thyroid, Volume 14, Number 10, 2004.
Teas, J. et al., Seaweed and Soy: Companion Foods in Asian Cuisine and Their Effects on
Thyroid Function in American Women, Journal of Medicinal Food, 2007 90-100.
Thrall KD., Differences in the Distribution of Iodine and Iodide in the Sprague-Dawley Rats, J
Toxicol Environ Health 1992.
Vega-Riveroll L et al., Apoptotic and Antiproliferative Effects of Iodine Supplements on Human
Breast Cancer Tumors, Poster, Thyroid Conference, New York, October 2007
Velicky J et al., Long Term Action of Potassium Bromide on the Rat Thyroid Gland, Acta
Histochem 1998.
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Acknowledgements: The research above would not have been possible without the
pioneering work of Guy Abraham, MD, David Brownstein, MD, and Jorge Flechas, MD.
I am indebted to Sally Gould for her tireless research and skillful fact-checking. The ongoing
exploration of iodine would not be possible without the conscientious efforts of the Grass
Roots Iodine Movement pioneers at iodine4health.com, the Yahoo Iodine Group and
Curezone Iodine Forum.
Web page updated September 4, 2008